一般情况下,分词作状语时,其逻辑主语就是主句主语,如:Seen from the hilltop, the valley looked like a wonderland.(从山顶上看去,峡谷宛若仙境。)(本句中,分词动词see的逻辑主语是valley,因此应该用过去分词)。
如果分词作状语,其逻辑主语与主句主语不一致时,分词就应有自己的逻辑主语,从而构成独立主格结构,这一结构在句中作何种状语由句意决定。
独立主格结构构成如下:
(1)“逻辑主语+分词”,当分词逻辑主语与分词动词构成主动关系时,使用现在分词;否则应使用过去分词,如:Mary coming back, they discuss it together.(玛丽回来后,他们一起讨论了那件事。)(独立主格结构作时间状语,相当于when引导的时间状语从句);Everything taken into consideration, his plan seems to be more workable.(从各方面考虑,他的计划似乎更可行。)(独立主格结构作条件状语,相当于if引导的条件状语从句)。
(2)“逻辑主语+分词的完成式(或完成被动式)”,这一结构表示分词的动作先于主句谓语动词之前发生或完成,完成被动式表示的是被动意义。如:The moon having risen, they took a walk in the fields.(月亮升起后,他们在田野里漫步。)(相当于时间状语从句when the moon had risen);So much money having been wasted, he will be punished.(他会受到惩罚,因为浪费了这么多金钱。)(相当于原因状语从句because so much money has been wasted)
(3)“there being+其他成分”,这一结构是there be结构的独立主格结构,其中being不能省略,另外,没有there been的形式。如:There being nothing to do, we played games.(没有什么事可做,我们玩起了游戏。)(相当于原因状语从句because there was nothing to do)。
(4)“逻辑主语+being+形容词/副词/名词/介词短语/不定式”,这一结构中常省略being。如:The old man sat in the sofa, his face serious.(老人坐在沙发上,一脸严肃。)The storm over, everything was in peace again.(暴风雨过后,一切恢复了平静。)She came up, her hair a wreck.(她走了进来,头发蓬乱不堪。)He stood on deck, pipe in mouth.(他站在甲板上,嘴里叼着烟斗。)They decided to buy a car, Mike to pay half the money.(他们决定买辆车,由迈克来付一半的钱。)
如果分词作状语,其逻辑主语与主句主语不一致时,分词就应有自己的逻辑主语,从而构成独立主格结构,这一结构在句中作何种状语由句意决定。
独立主格结构构成如下:
(1)“逻辑主语+分词”,当分词逻辑主语与分词动词构成主动关系时,使用现在分词;否则应使用过去分词,如:Mary coming back, they discuss it together.(玛丽回来后,他们一起讨论了那件事。)(独立主格结构作时间状语,相当于when引导的时间状语从句);Everything taken into consideration, his plan seems to be more workable.(从各方面考虑,他的计划似乎更可行。)(独立主格结构作条件状语,相当于if引导的条件状语从句)。
(2)“逻辑主语+分词的完成式(或完成被动式)”,这一结构表示分词的动作先于主句谓语动词之前发生或完成,完成被动式表示的是被动意义。如:The moon having risen, they took a walk in the fields.(月亮升起后,他们在田野里漫步。)(相当于时间状语从句when the moon had risen);So much money having been wasted, he will be punished.(他会受到惩罚,因为浪费了这么多金钱。)(相当于原因状语从句because so much money has been wasted)
(3)“there being+其他成分”,这一结构是there be结构的独立主格结构,其中being不能省略,另外,没有there been的形式。如:There being nothing to do, we played games.(没有什么事可做,我们玩起了游戏。)(相当于原因状语从句because there was nothing to do)。
(4)“逻辑主语+being+形容词/副词/名词/介词短语/不定式”,这一结构中常省略being。如:The old man sat in the sofa, his face serious.(老人坐在沙发上,一脸严肃。)The storm over, everything was in peace again.(暴风雨过后,一切恢复了平静。)She came up, her hair a wreck.(她走了进来,头发蓬乱不堪。)He stood on deck, pipe in mouth.(他站在甲板上,嘴里叼着烟斗。)They decided to buy a car, Mike to pay half the money.(他们决定买辆车,由迈克来付一半的钱。)